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Coal Liquefaction Technologies • Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL) • Indirect Coal Liquefaction (ICL) • Hybrid Coal Liquefaction (DCL/ICL)
reaction are also essential processing steps in the direct liquefaction of coal. They are used to produce the hydrogen required for that process. A simplified, but relatively complete, schematic flow diagram showing the various routes for coal indirect liquefaction is given as Fig. 1. It shows a general
In the present paper, life cycle analysis of several typical coal liquefaction technical routes for vehicle power in China is performed with full considerations of environmental pollutants (e.g. SO 2 and NO x), greenhouse gas emissions, costs, and energy efficiency.Direct and indirect coal liquefactions are discussed in detail with …
Direct liquefaction (particularly hydrothermal processing) occurs in a non-oxidative atmosphere, where the biomass is fed into a unit as an aqueous slurry at lower …
To produce liquid fuels from coal, either direct or indirect liquefaction routes can be used. The discussion of the former route is the subject of Chapter 6; the latter route will be discussed here. ... Hydrocarbon Process. 57(4):122–124. Google Scholar Kam, A. Y., and Lee, W., 1978, Fluid bed process studies on selective conversion of ...
The oldest of the above processes, coal pyrolysis, is generally performed under air-free conditions to obtain liquid products (e.g., tar) mainly comprising high-molecular-weight compounds [2, 5].Fig. 1 (a) depicts a process developed by SGI International [4], wherein the pyrolytic gas is separated from particulate matter by …
Hybrid process approaches involving a combination of direct coal liquefaction and indirect coal liquefaction (in which gasification is an intrinsic step) have been proposed and may be increasingly important in …
As described above, various direct liquefaction processes are being developed and large commercial coal liquefaction plants of a capacity of 10,000 t/day have reached the conceptual design stage. Many direct coal liquefaction processes have been shown to be technically viable in plants processing up to 150–250 t/day. The thermal efficiency of ...
It is shown that although direct liquefaction conversion processes might be more energy-efficient, overall system efficiencies for direct and indirect liquefaction are typically comparable if end ...
In recent years, liquefied natural gas (LNG) boil-off gas (BOG) re-liquefaction technologies in LNG ships have been developing rapidly as LNG trade across the sea has become a hot spot in global energy trade. However, there are lots of restrictions on board and BOG re-liquefaction is an energy-intensive industrial process. Reducing energy …
5. Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL) • Direct coal liquefaction starts just prior to World War II by Germany, continues through the 1950s and 1960s with the research by the U.S. • Direct coal liquefaction refers to the direct reaction of coal with hydrogen to form liquids. • The hydrogen is also required to increasing the H/C ratio of the coal as it …
Mineralogically identical to natural gypsum, FGD gypsum, or synthetic gypsum, is produced from gas captured within emission control systems at coal fired electric utilities. An emission that would compromise air quality, sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas, is the primary contribution coal makes to FGD gypsum. Utilities that produce panel-grade synthetic …
Comparative techno-economic analysis and process design for indirect liquefaction pathways to distillate-range fuels via biomass-derived oxygenated intermediates upgrading. Eric C. D. Tan, Corresponding Author. Eric C. D. Tan [email protected] National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA.
6. Dental Stone Made for gypsum by (Type ² III) carefully controlled Hydrocal calcinations under steam Stone is stronger pressure in a closed Class I stone container. The method and more expensive E …
The use of zeolite catalysts for the refining of products from methanol synthesis and Fisher–Tropsch synthesis was reviewed. The focus was on fuels refining processes and differences in the application to indirect liquefaction products was compared to petroleum, which is often a case of managing different molecules. …
The use of zeolite catalysts for the refining of products from methanol synthesis and Fisher-Tropsch synthesis was reviewed. The focus was on fuels refining processes and differences in the application to indirect liquefaction products was compared to petroleum, which is often a case of managing dif …
The United States has large reserves of coal and biomass to support a CBTL industry. While a CBTL process can produce liquids either directly or indirectly via gasification, fuels derived from indirect liquefaction are less polluting and cleaner burning than oil-based fuels as they are very low in sulfur and aromatic compounds [1].
There are three major methods of producing liquid fuels from coal: pyrolysis, direct liquefaction, and indirect liquefaction. Pyrolysis is a thermal process in which coal is …
DOE DIRECT LIQUEFACTION PROCESS DEVELOPMENT CAMPAIGN OF THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY: TOPICAL REPORT July 2001 DOE Contract DE-AC22-94PC93054 Contributors: F. P. Burke S. D. Brandes D. C. McCoy R. A. Winschel CONSOL Energy Inc. Research & Development 4000 Brownsville Road South Park, PA 15129 …
Herein, we describe the design and operation of an indirect coal liquefaction plant with integrated coal-water slurry manufacturing, entrained flow gasification, Rectisol, and Fisher-Tropsch ...
Coal-to-liquids (CTL) technology enables conversion of abundant coal into valuable liquid fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Methods include indirect conversion (coal to …
Based on the traditional nitrogen RBC re-liquefaction system, Romero et al. (2012) [15] aimed to understand and evaluate the influence of the selection and changes of several factors on process parameters and specific energy consumption (SEC) for large LNG ship, including the temperature of sea water, BOG precooling before compression, …
The liquefaction of biomass is an important technology to converse the biomass into valuable biofuel. The common technologies for liquefaction of biomass are indirect liquefaction and direct liquefaction. The indirect liquefaction refers to the Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) process using the syngas of biomass as the raw material to …
The base design studied in this work for CO 2 liquefaction from post combustion facility was proposed by Lee et al. (2012) which was a modified design from Aspelund and Jordal (2007).The basic theme of design is to compress CO 2 in four stages up to 52 bars with inter-cooling between each stage. The compressed CO 2 free from water and volatiles is …
The section on the indirect liquefaction consists of the synthesis gas conversion, including the methanol and the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) syntheses, and the final product upgrading, …
Keywords: biomass, biorefinery, biofuel, indirect liquefaction, oxygenates, process design, techno-economic analysis, sustainability 1 Introduction There has been considerable interest in producing biomass-derived liquid fuels for the last three decades. Various thorough reviews of the full range of processes for producing liquid
Indirect liquefaction processes require first gasifying the solid feedstocks into a syngas. Therefore, while direct coal liquefaction (DCL) takes coal directly into a liquid phase, indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) consists of two major steps: (a) gasification to produce a synthesis gas (syngas); and (b) conversion of the carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen …
Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) is one of the processes of indirect liquefaction, where polymerization and hydrogenation of synthetic oil are done simultaneously, and in this process, synthetic oil always has a broad carbon number distribution.The key outcomes from the F–T synthesis are HCs, oxygenates, and water, which are used for making …
The focus was on fuels refining processes and differences in the application to indirect liquefaction products was compared to petroleum, which is often a case of managing different molecules.